Hard capsules

ONE CAPSULE CONTAINS:                           RPN*
Vitamin  K2 (Menaquinone – 7)    22,5 μg    
Calcium                                      400 mg        50 %
Vitamin D3                                     5 μg       100 %

FOOD ADDITIVE

Characteristic of ingredients
Vitamin K (naftoquinone) is a group of substances attributed to vitamins. Key substances of this group are filoquinone (vitamin K1), menaquinone (vitamin K2), menadione (vitamin K3).
Vitamin K is produces by intestinal bacteria; it is also plenty in tomatoes, spinach, carrots, potatoes, cabbage, lettuce, green peas, and strawberries. Small amounts of vitamin K could also be found in animal products, e.g. liver, eggs. Vitamin K is liposoluble. It is a cofactor of many biochemical reactions, it participates in the bone renewal, stimulate muscle activity, regeneration processes. Group of substances attributable to vitamin K have similar function, however, their bioavailability differ. Menaquinones (vitamin K2) absorption is better and their biological half-time, and bioactivity, and blood level are much higher in comparison with filoquinones (vitamin K1). Vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) participates in gama-carboxylation reactions of transferring glutamic acid into osteocalcin, calcium binding protein. These proteins are important for the absorption of calcium and bone mineralization. Smaller amounts of vitamin K2 are needed for gama-carboxylation of osteocalcin in comparison with blood-coagulation factors production. Vitamin K2 is important for bone formation and to maintain bone mass. Vitamin K2 suppress osteoclast activation, help to increase bone mass in patient with postmenopausal osteoporosis, Parkinson disease, biliary cirrhosis, anorexia. Vitamin K2 helps to maintain healthy bone, cardiovascular system, heart and vessels.
Vitamin K2 is a basic form of human vitamin K. In human research performed in the USA optimal daily dose of vitamin K2 was established, it was 45 g. This dose does not produce undesirable effects when used with anticoagulants.
Vitamin K is important for activation of proteins participating in the blood coagulation, for bone metabolism, and for suppressing of vessel calcification. Some epidemiologic analyses showed that vitamin K deficiency causes decrease of bone mineral density and increases risk of bone fractures, and concomitant use of vitamin K2 and vitamin D reduce loss of body mass.
Research:
* Trial involving 340 postmenopausal women showed that vitamin K2 use for 3 years increase bone strength.
* It was showed recently that calcification of arteries could be slowed, elasticity of blood vessel walls could be restored, cholesterol blood levels could be reduced, and progression of atherosclerosis could be delayed using high doses of vitamin K2.
* It have been reported that vitamin K2 is redistributed in liver, than lipoproteins bring it to the bloodstream and it is allocated in extrahepatic tissue. Meanwhile, vitamin K1 remains in liver. Thus vitamin K2 is allocated in liver, bone and blood vessels.
* Combination of menaquinone and vitamin D3 effectively increase bone mineral density and decrease risk of osteoporotic fractures of vertebra in postmenopausal women.(IwamotoJ, Takeda T, Ichimura S. Treatment with vitamin D3 and/or vitamin K2 for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Keio J Med.2003;52:147-50)
* Research involving 4500 of elderly women showed that risk calcification of aorta, myocardial infarction and sudden cardiovascular death decrease when menaquinone-7 is used.(Geleijnse JM, Vermeer C, Grobbee DL et al. Pietary intake of menaquinone  is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease:the Rotterdam study. J Nutr.2004;134:3100-5)
 * Vitamin D3 improve calcium absorption in intestine, lower serum level of parathyroid hormone and activate synthesis of osteocalcin.( Iwamoto and colleagues)
* Some clinical trials showed undoubted vitamin K effect on ostecalcin carboxylation, bone mineral density and fracture incidence.(Binkley NC, Krueger DC, Engelke JA et al. Vitamin K supplementation reduces serum concentrations of undergamma-carboxylated osteocalcin in healthy young and elderly adults. Am J Clin Nutr.2000;72:1523-8)

Vitamin D3
Vitamin D (calciferol) is liposoluble vitamin. The most important forms are vitamin D2 (ergocalcoferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Vitamin D is found in cod-liver oil, fatty fish, and egg yolk. One of the most important functions of vitamin D3 is regulation of the metabolism of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Vitamin D3 helps to detain these important substances in bones, prevents osteoporosis, and regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption in the intestines. Higher amounts of this vitamin are needed during pregnancy, in patients with kidney and liver disease. Vitamin D deficiency cause bone softness, muscle weakness and abnormal teeth growing.

Calcium
Calcium is one of the most important human minerals necessary for bone strengthening. Bone and teeth contain highest amount of calcium, it ensures their strength. Small amounts of calcium circulating in the bloodstream help to develop substances regulating digestion, energy metabolism, and metabolism.  Calcium helps nutrients to enter cell, it is important to maintain permeability of cell membrane, nerve impulse spread inside muscle, blood coagulation. More than 90 % of calcium in human body is stored in bones in the form of carbonates and phosphates. In order to perform all mentioned above function body takes calcium from bones. When products low in calcium is used bone become more fragile and weaker, osteoporosis develops, and incidence of bone fracture increase. Vitamin D is necessary for calcium resorption from intestines.

Use
Take one capsule once a day during meals.

References:
1. IwamotoJ, Takeda T, Ichimura S. Treatment with vitamin D3 and/or vitamin K2 for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Keio J Med.2003;52:147-50
2. Geleijnse JM, Vermeer C, Grobbee DL et al. Pietary intake of menaquinone
 is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease:the Rotterdam study. J Nutr.2004;134:3100-5
3. Binkley NC, Krueger DC, Engelke JA et al. Vitamin K supplementation reduces serum concentrations of undergamma-carboxylated osteocalcin in healthy young and elderly adults. Am J Clin Nutr.2000;72:1523-8

Manufacturer
PE “Aconitum”, Taikos pr. 102, Kaunas, Lithuania (UAB „Aconitum“, Taikos pr. 102, Kaunas, Lietuva).
www.aconitum.lt

Prepared by Dr. Gražina Vasiliauskienė
Consulted by med.dr. Romualdas Basevičius